Deferred Computation

Let ${\mathbb{F}}_p$ and ${\mathbb{F}}_q$ be the two fields, with $|{\mathbb{E}}_p({\mathbb{F}}_q)|=p$, $|{\mathbb{E}}_q({\mathbb{F}}_p)|=q$ for Elliptic curves ${\mathbb{E}}_p({\mathbb{F}}_q)$ and ${\mathbb{E}}_q({\mathbb{F}}_p)$. Assume $q>p$. We have a proof system (Kimchi) over ${\mathbb{F}}_p$ and ${\mathbb{F}}_q$, where commitments to public inputs are:

$$\begin{gathered} P_p=⟨\vec{e},\vec{H}⟩\in {\mathbb{E}}_p({\mathbb{F}}_q) \\ {P}_q=⟨\vec{e},\vec{G}⟩\in {\mathbb{E}}_q({\mathbb{F}}_p) \end{gathered}$$

Respectively. See Pasta Curves for more details.

When referring to the ${\mathbb{F}}_q$-side we mean the proof system for circuit over the field ${\mathbb{F}}_q$.

Public Inputs / Why Passing

In pickles-rs we have the notion of “passing” a variable (including the transcript) from one side to the other. e.g. when a field element $\alpha \in {\mathbb{F}}_p$ needs to be used as a scalar on ${\mathbb{F}}_q$.

This document explains what goes on “under the hood”. Let us start by understanding why:

Let $v\in {\mathbb{F}}_q$ be a scalar which we want to use to do both:

1. Field arithmetic in ${\mathbb{F}}_q$
2. Scalar operations on ${\mathbb{E}}_q({\mathbb{F}}_p)$

In order to do so efficiently, we need to split these operations across two circuits (and therefore proofs) because:

1. Emulating ${\mathbb{F}}_q$ arithmetic in ${\mathbb{F}}_p$ is very expensive, e.g. computing $v\cdot w$ requires $O(\log (q{)}^2)$ multiplications over ${\mathbb{F}}_p$: 100’s of gates for a single multiplication.
2. Since ${\mathbb{E}}_q({\mathbb{F}}_p)\subseteq {\mathbb{F}}_p\times {\mathbb{F}}_p$ we cannot compute $[v]\cdot H\in {\mathbb{E}}_q({\mathbb{F}}_p)$ over ${\mathbb{F}}_q$ efficiently, because, like before, emulating ${\mathbb{F}}_p$ arithmetic in ${\mathbb{F}}_q$ is very expensive…

Solution

The solution is to “pass” a value $v$ between the two proofs, in other words to have two values $v\in {\mathbb{F}}_p$ and $v\in {\mathbb{F}}_q$ which are equal as integers i.e. $\text{lift}(v)=\text{lift}(v)\in \mathbb{Z}$: they represent “the same number”. A naive first attempt would be to simply add $\tilde{v}\in {\mathbb{F}}_p$ to the witness on the ${\mathbb{F}}_p$-side, however this has two problems:

Insufficient Field Size: $p<q$ hence $v$ cannot fit in ${\mathbb{F}}_p$.

No Binding: More concerning, there is no binding between the $\tilde{v}$ in the ${\mathbb{F}}_p$-witness and the $v$ in the ${\mathbb{F}}_q$-witness: a malicious prover could choose completely unrelated values. This violates soundness of the overall ${\mathbb{F}}_q/{\mathbb{F}}_q$-relation being proved.

Problem 1: Decompose

The solution to the first problem is simple:

In the ${\mathbb{F}}_q$-side decompose $v=2\cdot h+l$ with $h\in [0,2^{\lfloor \log p\rfloor })$ (high bits) and $l\in \{0,1\}$ (low bit). Note $l,h<p$ since $2p>q$; always the case for any cycle of curves, $p$ is only $\approx \sqrt{q}$ smaller than $q$, by Hasse. Now “$v$” is “represented” by the two values $h,\tilde{l}\in {\mathbb{F}}_p$.

Note that no decomposition is nessary if the “original value” $v$ was in ${\mathbb{F}}_p$, since ${\mathbb{F}}_q$ is big enough to hold the lift of any element in ${\mathbb{F}}_p$.

Problem 2: Compute Commitment to the Public Input of other side

To solve the binding issue we will add $l,h$ to the public inputs on the ${\mathbb{F}}_p$-side, for simplicity we will describe the case where $l,h$ are the only public inputs in the ${\mathbb{F}}_p$-side, which means that the commitment $P_p\in {\mathbb{E}}_p({\mathbb{F}}_q)$ to the public inputs on the ${\mathbb{F}}_p$ side is:

$$P_p=[h]\cdot G_h+[l]\cdot G_l\in {\mathbb{E}}_p({\mathbb{F}}_q)$$

At this point it is important to note that ${\mathbb{E}}_p$ is defined over ${\mathbb{F}}_q$!

Which means that we can compute $P_p\in {\mathbb{E}}_p({\mathbb{F}}_q)$ efficiently on the ${\mathbb{F}}_q$-side!

Therefore to enforce the binding, we:

1. Add a sub-circuit which checks: $$\begin{gathered} P_p=[h]\cdot G_h+[l]\cdot G_l\in {\mathbb{E}}_p({\mathbb{F}}_q), \\ |h|=\lfloor \log p\rfloor \\ |l|=1 \end{gathered}$$
2. Add $P_p=(x,y)\in {\mathbb{F}}_q\times {\mathbb{F}}_q$ to the public input on the ${\mathbb{F}}_q$-side.

We recurse onwards…

At this point the statement of the proof in ${\mathbb{F}}_q$-side is: the ${\mathbb{F}}_q$-proof is sound, condition on providing an opening of $P_p$ that satisifies the ${\mathbb{F}}_p$-relation.

At this point you can stop and verify the proof (in the case of a “step proof” you would), by recomputing $P_p$ outside the circuit while checking the ${\mathbb{F}}_p$-relation manually “in the clear”.

However, when recursing (e.g. wrapping in a “wrap proof”) we need to “ingest” this public input $P_p$; after all, to avoid blowup in the proof size everything (proofs/accumulators/public inputs etc.) must eventually become part of the witness and every computation covered by a circuit…

To this end, the wrap proof is a proof for the ${\mathbb{F}}_p$-relation with the public input $P_p$ which additionally verifies the ${\mathbb{F}}_q$-proof.

The next “step” proof then verifies this wrap proof which means that $P_p$ then becomes part of the witness!

In Pickles

We can arbitrarily choose which side should compute the public input of the other, in pickles we let “wrap” compute the commitment to the public input.

Enforcing Equality

Enforces that the public input of the proof verified on the Fr side is equal to the Fp input computed on Fr side.